No official summary available for this bill.
[Congressional Bills 118th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 5457 Introduced in House (IH)]
<DOC>
118th CONGRESS
1st Session
H. R. 5457
To support carbon dioxide removal research and development, and for
other purposes.
_______________________________________________________________________
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
September 14, 2023
Mr. Tonko (for himself, Ms. Clark of Massachusetts, Mr. Peters, Ms.
Kuster, and Mr. McGovern) introduced the following bill; which was
referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and in
addition to the Committees on Agriculture, Natural Resources,
Transportation and Infrastructure, and Energy and Commerce, for a
period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for
consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the
committee concerned
_______________________________________________________________________
A BILL
To support carbon dioxide removal research and development, and for
other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Carbon Dioxide
Removal Research and Development Act of 2023''.
(b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as
follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
TITLE I--DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Sec. 101. Fossil energy and carbon management.
Sec. 102. Energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Sec. 103. Office of Science.
Sec. 104. Department-wide considerations.
TITLE II--DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Sec. 201. Definitions.
Sec. 202. Objectives and organization.
Sec. 203. Agriculture advanced research and development authority.
Sec. 204. National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Sec. 205. Agricultural Research Service.
Sec. 206. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Sec. 207. Forest Service.
TITLE III--DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Sec. 301. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Sec. 302. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
TITLE IV--DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Sec. 401. Corps of Engineers.
TITLE V--DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Sec. 501. United States Geological Survey.
Sec. 502. Land and minerals management.
TITLE VI--DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
Sec. 601. Federal Highway Administration.
TITLE VII--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Sec. 701. Office of research and development.
TITLE VIII--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Sec. 801. Earth science division program.
TITLE IX--NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Sec. 901. Directorate for biological sciences.
Sec. 902. Directorate for engineering.
Sec. 903. Directorate for geosciences.
Sec. 904. Directorate for mathematical and physical sciences.
Sec. 905. Directorate for social, behavioral, and economic sciences.
Sec. 906. Division of social and economic sciences.
TITLE X--OTHER MATTERS
Sec. 1001. Plan for international collaboration.
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.
In this Act:
(1) Carbon dioxide removal.--The term ``carbon dioxide
removal'' means--
(A) the intentional capture of carbon dioxide
directly from the ambient air or upper hydrosphere,
combined with the storage of that carbon dioxide, which
results in a net removal of carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere, as measured on a lifecycle basis,
including, at a minimum, through--
(i) direct air capture and storage;
(ii) enhanced carbon mineralization;
(iii) biomass-based carbon dioxide removal;
(iv) forest restoration;
(v) soil carbon management; and
(vi) ocean-based carbon removal.
(2) Terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal.--The
term ``terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal''
means carbon dioxide removal which uses living biomass or soils
to capture and/or store carbon dioxide.
TITLE I--DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
SEC. 101. FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT.
(a) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.--
(1) In general.--Title II of the Department of Energy
Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7131 et seq.) is amended by adding
at the end the following:
``SEC. 218. OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT.
``(a) Establishment.--There is established within the Department an
Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (referred to in this
section as the `Office').
``(b) Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon
Management.--
``(1) In general .--The Office shall be headed by the
Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management
(referred to in this section as the `Assistant Secretary'), who
shall be appointed by the President in accordance with section
203.
``(2) Duties of office.--In carrying out research,
development, and demonstration relating to carbon dioxide
removal, the Assistant Secretary shall--
``(A) incorporate best practices from the existing
carbon capture and storage research programs within the
Department of Energy into the Office;
``(B) be responsible for crosscut coordination of
planning and budget for all research, development, and
demonstration programs of the Department of Energy
relating to carbon dioxide removal (as defined in
section 2 of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Research and
Development Act of 2023);
``(C) serve as the primary point of contact for any
relevant interagency planning and coordination efforts;
``(D) conduct analyses and technology assessments
of carbon dioxide removal systems, development, and
demonstration programs, including by engaging with the
National Laboratories (as defined in section 2 of the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)) to assess
lifecycle performance of carbon dioxide removal
systems; and
``(E) provide project management services for all
demonstration-scale projects emerging from the
technological carbon dioxide removal research,
development, and demonstration portfolio.
``(c) Mission.--The mission of the Office shall include the
research, development, and demonstration of direct air capture and
carbon mineralization technologies.
``(d) Lead Office.--The National Energy Technology Laboratory shall
have the lead responsibility within the Department of Energy for
planning and managing research, development, and demonstration
activities relating to direct air capture and carbon storage, with the
goal of establishing and driving down technology-specific cost targets.
``(e) Project Management Requirements.--All projects carried out by
the Office shall be subject to rigorous project management requirements
and procedures modeled on Department Order 413.3b (relating to program
and project management for the acquisition of capital assets) (or a
successor order).''.
(2) Clerical amendment.--The table of contents for the
Department of Energy Organization Act (Public Law 95-91; 91
Stat. 565; 119 Stat. 764) is amended by adding at the end of
the items relating to title II the following:
``Sec. 218. Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.''.
(3) References in law.--Any reference in a law, regulation,
document, paper, or other record to the ``Office of Fossil
Energy'' shall be deemed to be a reference to the ``Office of
Fossil Energy and Carbon Management''.
(b) Carbon Dioxide Removal Research, Development, and
Demonstration.--Section 969D of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42
U.S.C. 16298d) is amended--
(1) in subsection (c), by striking paragraph (5) and
inserting the following:
``(5) ecologically sound, resilience-oriented, and carbon-
sequestering forest management techniques, forest restoration,
urban tree planting and management, and reforestation such that
negative land-use change impacts, such as endangering food
security and biodiversity loss, can be avoided; and'';
(2) by redesignating subsections (d), (e), (f), (g), (h),
(i), (j), and (k) as subsections (e), (f), (g), (i), (j), (k),
(l), and (m), respectively;
(3) by inserting after subsection (c) the following:
``(d) Program Focus Areas.--
``(1) Direct air capture and storage technologies.--In
carrying out subsection (c)(1), the Secretary shall consider
carrying out activities relating to--
``(A) contactor design;
``(B) low- and zero-carbon heat;
``(C) advanced or unconventional systems and
components;
``(D) scale-up studies and pilot plants;
``(E) operational data collection;
``(F) engineering design support for large-scale
projects;
``(G) external techno-economic analyses; and
``(H) monitoring, reporting, and verification
capabilities.
``(2) Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage.--In
carrying out subsection (c)(2), the Secretary shall consider
carrying out activities relating to advanced biomass-to-power
conversion.
``(3) Enhanced geological weathering.--In carrying out
subsection (c)(3), the Secretary shall consider carrying out
activities relating to--
``(A) alkalinity resource assessments;
``(B) pilot studies of ex situ mineralization; and
``(C) pilot studies of in situ mineralization for
carbon storage.
``(4) Carbon utilization.--In carrying out carbon
utilization activities under the program, the Secretary shall
consider carrying out activities relating to the integration of
carbonation with carbon dioxide capture processes.
``(5) Crosscutting activities.--In carrying out cross-
cutting activities under the program, the Secretary shall
consider carrying out activities relating to--
``(A) carbon dioxide removal data collection and
publication;
``(B) technology cost and performance;
``(C) integrated carbon systems modeling; and
``(D) decision science.'';
(4) by inserting after subsection (g) (as so redesignated)
the following:
``(h) Competitive Demonstration Awards.--
``(1) In general.--Not later than 2 years after the date of
enactment of this subsection the Secretary shall make
competitive awards for a portfolio of carbon dioxide removal
demonstration projects described in paragraph (2).
``(2) Eligibility.--Subject to subsection (e), to be
eligible for an award under paragraph (1), a carbon dioxide
removal demonstration project shall--
``(A) use 1 or more technologies and strategies
described in subsection (c), including activities
described in subsection (i);
``(B) have a total cost of not less than
$10,000,000;
``(C) be located in the United States or, in the
case of ocean-based projects, within the territorial
sea or exclusive economic zone of the United States;
``(D) have the potential for large-scale, cost-
effective replication; and
``(E) meet such other provisions as may be
established by the Secretary consistent with the
purposes of this section.
``(3) Allocation.--In making awards under paragraph (1),
out of the funds provided under subsection (m)(1), the
Secretary shall allocate--
``(A) $500,000,000 to projects with total costs of
not less than $10,000,000 and not more than
$100,000,000;
``(B) $750,000,000 to projects--
``(i) with a total cost of more than
$100,000,000; and
``(ii) under which all captured carbon
dioxide is disposed of in geologic storage in
saline aquifers; and
``(C) $750,000,000 to projects with a total cost of
more than $100,000,000, without regard to the type of
storage.
``(4) Cost-share.--
``(A) In general.--Except as provided in
subparagraph (B), with respect to a project receiving
an award under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall
require that--
``(i) in the case of a project that
disposes of carbon dioxide in geologic storage
in an operating oil and gas field, not less
than 50 percent of the total project cost shall
be provided by a non-Federal source; and
``(ii) in the case of a project that is not
described in clause (i), not less than 20
percent of the total project cost shall be
provided by a non-Federal source.
``(B) Exclusion.--the Federal share of the cost of
a project receiving an award under paragraph (1) with a
total cost of not less than $10,000,000 and not more
than $100,000,000 may be up to 100 percent.''; and
(5) in subsection (m) (as so redesignated), by striking
paragraphs (1) through (5) and inserting the following:
``(1) $2,089,000,000 for fiscal year 2024, of which
$2,000,000,000 shall be used to carry out subsection (h), to
remain available until expended;
``(2) $217,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
``(3) $312,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
``(4) $360,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;
``(5) $440,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;
``(6) $441,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;
``(7) $451,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;
``(8) $424,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;
``(9) $380,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and
``(10) $337,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.''.
SEC. 102. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY.
(a) Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Office.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish
direct air capture as a research priority of the Advanced
Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Office, with a focus
on improved techniques for low-cost manufacturing of direct air
capture components and materials.
(2) Coordination.--The Advanced Materials and Manufacturing
Technologies Office shall carry out research relating to direct
air capture under paragraph (1) in coordination with the Office
of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.
(3) Research, development, and demonstration.--The
Secretary of Energy, acting through the Assistant Secretary for
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (referred to in this
section as the ``Assistant Secretary''), shall carry out
research, development, and demonstration activities in the
areas described in this paragraph.
(A) Systems engineering and process design.--The
Assistant Secretary shall carry out research,
development, and demonstration activities relating to
integrated catalyst reactor design optimized for carbon
dioxide removal and utilization.
(B) Alkalinity source pathways.--
(i) In general.--The Assistant Secretary
shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration activities relating to
development of new, low-emissions sources of
alkalinity for carbon mineralization.
(ii) Collaboration.--The Assistant
Secretary shall carry out the activities in
clause (i) in collaboration with the Director
of the United States Geological Survey.
(C) Contactor design.--The Assistant Secretary
shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration activities relating to design of air
contactors for direct air capture with low pressure
drop, high surface area, and high longevity.
(D) Manufacturing improvement.--The Assistant
Secretary shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration activities relating to low-cost
manufacturing of direct air capture components and
materials.
(E) Other activities.--The Assistant Secretary
shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research,
development, and demonstration activities, as
determined by the Secretary of Energy.
(b) Bioenergy Technologies Office.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish
terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal as a research
objective in the biomass energy program of the Bioenergy
Technologies Office.
(2) Objective.--In carrying out research, development, and
demonstration described in paragraph (5), the Secretary of
Energy shall seek to advance carbon dioxide removal approaches
that generate net-negative emissions based on full lifecycle
analysis.
(3) Considerations.--In carrying out the full lifecycle
analysis described in paragraph (2), the Bioenergy Technologies
Office shall consider--
(A) the emissions impacts of biomass harvest and
processing, including--
(i) unintended disturbances to ecosystem
carbon stocks;
(ii) indirect land-use change; and
(iii) alternative fates of biomass used;
(B) the risk of impacts on biodiversity and food
security; and
(C) the social impacts of any air pollutants.
(4) Risk considerations.--In carrying out research,
development, and demonstration described in paragraph (5), the
Bioenergy Technologies Office shall--
(A) conduct risk assessment of species cultivated
or utilized for terrestrial and biological carbon
dioxide removal; and
(B) take all feasible and prudent measures to
minimize risk of economic, environmental, and social
harm caused by invasive species.
(5) Research, development, and demonstration.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary of Energy, acting
through the Assistant Secretary, shall carry out
research, development, and demonstration activities in
the areas described in subparagraphs (B) through (I).
(B) Algal biomass capture.--The Assistant Secretary
shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration activities relating to microalgae growth,
dewatering, and conversion, including pathways such as
bioreactors and non-photosynthetic pathways.
(C) Biomass supply, logistics, and pre-treatment.--
(i) In general.--The Assistant Secretary,
in collaboration with the Director of the
National Institute of Food and Agriculture,
shall establish 1 or more test facilities to
conduct innovative approaches for treating
biomass for use in fuels and electricity
generation, including modeling and analysis of
optimizing biomass gathering, upgrading, and
supply.
(ii) Test facility considerations.--In
selecting facilities to be established as test
facilities under clause (i), the Assistant
Secretary shall--
(I) consider whether the facility
has the capability for small-scale and
mobile applications; and
(II) prioritize facilities that use
waste feedstocks from managed
ecosystems, urban areas, and areas
damaged by severe weather events.
(D) Biomass conversion to fuels with biochar.--
(i) In general.--The Assistant Secretary
shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration activities relating to--
(I) research on conversion
pathways, including fast pyrolysis;
(II) development of--
(aa) mobile processing
units; and
(bb) pollutant emissions
control technology; and
(III) assessments of overall carbon
dioxide removal potential.
(ii) Collaboration.--The Assistant
Secretary shall carry out the activities under
clause (i) in collaboration with the Director
of the National Institute of Food and
Agriculture.
(E) Biomass to fuel with carbon capture and
storage.--
(i) In general.--The Assistant Secretary
shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration activities relating to biomass to
advanced cellulosic ethanol with carbon capture
and storage, taking into consideration direct
and indirect land-use impacts from biomass
feedstocks.
(ii) Collaboration.--The Assistant
Secretary shall carry out the activities under
clause (i) in collaboration with the Assistant
Secretary for Office of Fossil Energy and
Carbon Management.
(F) Aquatic biomass cultivation.--
(i) In general.--The Assistant Secretary
shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration activities relating to management
best practices and phenotype selection for
aquatic macroalgae biomass production optimized
for carbon dioxide removal, including limited-
scale experiments at sea, designed and
monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of
the experiment.
(ii) Collaboration.--The Assistant
Secretary shall carry out the activities under
clause (i) in collaboration with the
Administrator of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
(G) Aquatic biomass energy conversion.--The
Assistant Secretary shall carry out research,
development, and demonstration activities relating to
technology development and pilots for aquatic biomass
conversion and carbon capture, including possible
large-scale ocean-based experiments.
(H) New materials development and applications.--
(i) In general.--The Assistant Secretary
shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration activities relating to
development of new carbon dioxide utilization
products.
(ii) Collaboration.--The Assistant
Secretary shall carry out the activities under
clause (i) in collaboration with--
(I) the Assistant Secretary for
Fossil Energy and Carbon Management;
and
(II) the Administrator of the
Agricultural Research Service.
(I) Other activities.--The Assistant Secretary
shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration activities relating to other terrestrial
and biological carbon dioxide removal research,
development, and demonstration activities not described
in subparagraphs (B) through (H), as determined by the
Secretary.
(c) Building Technologies Office.--
(1) Research, development, and demonstration.--The
Secretary of Energy, acting through the Building Technologies
Office, shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this
subsection.
(2) Construction materials.--
(A) In general.--The Building Technologies Office
shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration activities relating to development,
testing, and certification of carbonate materials for
construction materials.
(B) Collaboration.--The Building Technologies
Office shall carry out activities under clause (i) in
collaboration with the National Institute of Standards
and Technology.
(3) Other activities.--The Building Technologies Office
shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research,
development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the
Secretary of Energy.
(d) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary of Energy to carry out this section--
(1) $26,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(2) $54,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
(3) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
(4) $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;
(5) $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;
(6) $88,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;
(7) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;
(8) $73,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;
(9) $53,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and
(10) $42,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.
SEC. 103. OFFICE OF SCIENCE.
(a) Research.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy, acting through
the Director of the Office of Science (referred to in this
section as the ``Director''), shall carry out use-inspired
fundamental research activities in each of the areas described
in this subsection.
(2) Department of energy frontier research centers.--The
Director shall carry out research activities relating to the
establishment of new energy frontier research centers focused
on materials research and early-stage application of sorbents,
solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components.
(3) Grants and cooperative agreements.--The Director shall
make grants and enter into cooperative agreements to carry out
materials research relating to sorbents, solvents, membranes,
and related direct air capture components.
(4) Soil carbon.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out
research activities relating to plant-root-fungi
interactions, deep inversion of soils, and other
topics.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with--
(i) the Director of the National Science
Foundation; and
(ii) the Director of the Agricultural
Research Service.
(5) Algal biomass capture.--The Director shall carry out
research activities relating to--
(A) microalgae growth;
(B) dewatering; and
(C) conversion, including bioreactors and
nonphotosynthetic pathways.
(6) Carbon mineralization.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out
research activities relating to--
(i) mineralization kinetics;
(ii) geomechanics;
(iii) rock physics;
(iv) utilization-oriented carbonation; and
(v) other topics.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
(7) Ocean alkalinity.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out
research activities relating to techniques for and
ecological impacts of artificial modification of ocean
alkalinity.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
(8) Carbon cycle.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry research
activities and modeling relating to--
(i) the effectiveness and ecological
impacts of ocean iron fertilization; and
(ii) nitrogen and phosphorous
fertilization.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with--
(i) the Director of the National Science
Foundation; and
(ii) the Administrator of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(9) Carbon dioxide impacts and fate in oceans.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out
monitoring, research, and modeling on ecological
impacts of ocean carbon dioxide removal techniques.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
(10) Carbonation.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out
research activities relating to--
(i) methods to control carbonation
reactions;
(ii) methods to accelerate carbonation; and
(iii) research to understand structure-
property relationships.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
(11) Catalysts.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out
research activities relating to--
(i) impurity-tolerant catalyst development;
(ii) coupled reduction and oxidation
reactions; and
(iii) reduced additives.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
(12) New materials development and applications.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out
research activities relating to development of new
materials for capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide,
including materials with carbon-carbon bonds.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
(13) Genetic modeling and tools.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out
research, development, and demonstration of
technologies to improve carbon dioxide uptake,
conversion, and product accumulation through genetic
manipulation of biological organisms for carbon dioxide
removal and utilization.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
(14) Bioprospecting.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out
research activities relating to development of tools
and high-throughput screening for organisms with unique
attributes relating to carbon dioxide conversion.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Administrator of the Agricultural Research
Service.
(15) Other research.--The Director shall carry out other
research on carbon dioxide removal, as determined by the
Secretary.
(b) Coordination.--The Director shall carry out this section in
coordination with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon
Management.
(c) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary of Energy to carry out this section--
(1) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(2) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
(3) $79,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
(4) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;
(5) $88,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;
(6) $84,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;
(7) $81,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;
(8) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;
(9) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and
(10) $67,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.
SEC. 104. DEPARTMENT-WIDE CONSIDERATIONS.
(a) Lifecycle Analyses.--In carrying out research, development, and
demonstration under this title, the Secretary of Energy, in
collaboration with the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies,
shall conduct full-system lifecycle analyses of emissions and other
environmental impacts from carbon dioxide removal technologies and
methods.
(b) Environmental Justice Analyses.--In carrying out research,
development, and demonstration under this title, the Secretary of
Energy shall conduct environmental justice analyses of carbon dioxide
removal technologies, methods, and siting, including impacts on local
and regional conventional air pollution.
TITLE II--DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS.
In this title:
(1) Department.--The term ``Department'' means the
Department of Agriculture.
(2) Land-grant colleges and universities.--
(A) In general.--The term ``land-grant colleges and
universities'' has the meaning given the term in
section 1404 of the National Agricultural Research,
Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C.
3103).
(B) Inclusion.--The term ``land-grant colleges and
universities'' includes a 1994 Institution (as defined
in section 532 of the Equity in Educational Land-Grant
Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 note; Public Law 103-
382)).
(3) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary
of Agriculture.
SEC. 202. OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION.
(a) Departmental Mission.--The Secretary shall incorporate
terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal mission
responsibilities into the Strategic Plan of the Department to
complement the food and fiber mission responsibilities of the
Department.
(b) Under Secretary for Research, Education, and Economics.--
(1) In general.--The Under Secretary for Research,
Education, and Economics (referred to in this section as the
``Under Secretary'') shall--
(A) coordinate all carbon dioxide removal research,
development, and demonstration activities within the
Department; and
(B) in carrying out subparagraph (A), collaborate
with other senior Department officials with related
responsibilities, including the Chief Economist.
(2) Review and advise.--The Under Secretary shall--
(A) review and advise the Secretary on all budget
proposals relating to carbon dioxide removal research,
development, and demonstration under Department
programs; and
(B) provide oversight and evaluation of carbon
dioxide removal research, development, and
demonstration initiatives and projects of the
Department.
(3) Research strategies.--In carrying out this subsection,
the Under Secretary shall pursue research strategies that build
on well-established agriculture research infrastructure to
pursue carbon dioxide removal research, development, and
demonstration objectives through new research models.
(4) Research, development, and demonstration programs.--The
Under Secretary shall incorporate terrestrial and biological
carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration
programs and projects--
(A) across the Department, including at--
(i) the Agricultural Research Service;
(ii) the Forest Service;
(iii) the Natural Resources Conservation
Service;
(iv) the National Institute of Food and
Agriculture; and
(v) other Department agencies and offices;
and
(B) in research portfolios of land-grant colleges
and universities.
(c) Department-Wide Considerations.--
(1) Objective.--In carrying out research, development, and
demonstration under this title, the Secretary shall seek to
advance carbon dioxide removal approaches that generate net-
negative emissions based on full lifecycle analysis.
(2) Considerations.--In carrying out this title, the
Secretary shall consider, in addition to emissions described in
paragraph (1), the risk of impacts on biodiversity and food
security, social impacts, and such other impacts as the
Secretary determines to be appropriate.
(3) Risk considerations.--In carrying out this title, the
Secretary shall--
(A) conduct risk assessment of species cultivated
or utilized for terrestrial and biological carbon
dioxide removal; and
(B) take all feasible and prudent measures to
minimize risk of economic, environmental, and social
harm caused by invasive species.
(4) Memorandum of understanding.--The Secretary shall enter
into a memorandum of understanding with the Secretary of Energy
to incorporate carbon dioxide removal scientific objectives
into--
(A) current joint research on genomics and
synthetic biology; and
(B) new and expanded joint research initiatives
between the National Laboratories (as defined in
section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C.
15801)) and land-grant colleges and universities.
SEC. 203. AGRICULTURE ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY.
Section 1473H of the National Agricultural Research, Extension, and
Teaching Policy Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 3319k) is amended--
(1) in subsection (b)(2)--
(A) in subparagraph (C), by striking ``and'' at the
end;
(B) in subparagraph (D), by striking the period at
the end and inserting ``; and''; and
(C) by adding at the end the following:
``(E) to advance technologies and methods relating
to terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal
(as defined in section 2 of the Carbon Dioxide Removal
Research and Development Act of 2023).''; and
(2) in subsection (d), by adding at the end the following:
``(4) Authorization of appropriations for carbon dioxide
removal activities.--In addition to amounts otherwise made
available under this subsection, there are authorized to be
appropriated to carry out subsection (b)(2)(E), $10,000,000 for
each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033, to remain available
until expended.''.
SEC. 204. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE.
(a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary, acting through the National
Institute of Food and Agriculture, shall carry out research,
development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas
described in this subsection.
(2) Biomass supply, logistics, and pre-treatment.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall establish 1 or
more test facilities for innovative approaches for
treating biomass for use in fuels and electricity
generation, including modeling and analysis of
optimizing biomass gathering, upgrading, and supply.
(B) Consideration; priority.--In carrying out
subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall--
(i) consider facilities with the capability
for small-scale and mobile applications; and
(ii) prioritize waste feedstocks from
managed ecosystems, urban areas, and areas
damaged by severe weather events.
(3) Biomass conversion to fuels with biochar.--The
Secretary shall--
(A) research pathways for the conversion of biomass
to fuels with biochar, including fast pyrolysis,
development of mobile processing units, and pollution
emissions control technology; and
(B) conduct relevant assessments of overall carbon
dioxide removal potential.
(4) Other activities.--The Secretary shall carry out other
carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration
activities, as determined by the Secretary.
(b) Collaboration.--In carrying out the activities under subsection
(a), the Secretary shall collaborate with the Assistant Secretary for
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
(c) Consideration.--In carrying out research, development, and
demonstration on biomass as a feedstock, the Secretary shall consider--
(1) the emissions impacts of biomass harvest and
processing;
(2) unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks;
(3) indirect land-use change;
(4) alternative fates of biomass used; and
(5) the social impacts of any air pollutants.
(d) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
(1) $6,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(2) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
(3) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
(4) $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 through 2030;
(5) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;
(6) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and
(7) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.
SEC. 205. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE.
(a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary, acting through the
Agricultural Research Service, shall carry out research,
development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas
described in this subsection.
(2) Soil carbon.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
fundamental research on plant-root-fungi interactions,
deep inversion of soils, and other topics with the
potential to advance carbon dioxide removal.
(B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with--
(i) the Director of the Office of Science
of the Department of Energy; and
(ii) the Director of the National Science
Foundation.
(3) High-carbon-input crop phenotypes.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
development of advanced cultivars and forestry crops
with enhanced carbon uptake and retention.
(B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Chief of the Forest Service.
(4) Cultivation system optimization.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
research on regionally specific best practices for soil
health and carbon retention at not fewer than 10 sites,
including at least 1 site in a tropical region.
(B) Consideration.--The Secretary shall consider
co-locating sites described in subparagraph (A) with
sites used by the National Resource Inventory of the
Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Long Term
Ecological Research Network, the National Ecological
Observatory Network, and the Forest Inventory and
Analysis Program.
(5) Agroforestry.--The Secretary shall carry out research
on integrating regionally appropriate trees and shrubs into
crop and animal farming systems as a carbon dioxide removal
practice at no fewer than 5 geographically diverse test sites.
(6) Perennial plants and marginal lands.--The Secretary
shall carry out research into the use of perennial plants for
carbon dioxide removal, including research on--
(A) genetic traits;
(B) improved soil carbon sequestration modeling;
(C) perennialization of useful annual crops; and
(D) greater use on marginal land.
(7) Soil amendments impact studies.--The Secretary shall
carry out research and field studies on the longevity and
impact of soil amendments, such as biochar and reactive
minerals, on productivity, soil carbon retention, nutrient and
water use, albedo, and other factors.
(8) Measurement, modeling, and predictive tool
development.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
research to improve existing carbon sequestration
measurement and modeling tools and the development of
simulation-based tools to predict and quantify soil
carbon sequestration.
(B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
(9) Climate hubs.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
activities relating to increasing the capacity of
Department climate hubs and other research units to
deliver climate- and carbon dioxide removal-related
science and tools to farmers, ranchers, and forest
planners and managers.
(B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Chief of the Forest Service.
(10) Bioprospecting.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
activities relating to the development of tools and
high-throughput screening for organisms with unique
attributes relating to carbon dioxide conversion.
(B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Director of the Office of Science of the
Department of Energy.
(11) New materials development and applications.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
activities relating to development of new carbon
dioxide utilization products.
(B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Assistant Secretary for Office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of
Energy.
(12) Other activities.--The Secretary shall carry out other
carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration
activities, as determined by the Secretary.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
(1) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(2) $52,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
(3) $61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
(4) $72,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; and
(5) $68,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.
SEC. 206. NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE.
(a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary, acting through the Natural
Resources Conservation Service, shall carry out research,
development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas
described in this subsection.
(2) Enhanced soil monitoring.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
revisions to the National Resources Inventory system of
the National Resources Conservation Service--
(i) to include measuring greenhouse gasses,
including carbon stocks and fluxes;
(ii) to include additional sites; and
(iii) to expand remote sensing to increase
frequency and geospatial resolution.
(B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration.
(3) Conservation practices data collection.--The Secretary
shall carry out revisions to the Conservation Effects
Assessment Project of the Natural Resources Conservation
Service to collect more frequent and robust data on how
conservation practices impact greenhouse gas fluxes.
(4) Extension of agricultural carbon sequestration
practices.--The Secretary shall carry out--
(A) projects to identify barriers to adoption of
agricultural carbon sequestration technologies; and
(B) extension of tools and practices, and research
to promote uptake using existing conservation programs
of the Department.
(5) Social science research.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
social science research on uptake of agricultural
carbon sequestration technologies and practices to
inform outreach.
(B) Consultation.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in consultation
with the Administrator of the Economic Research
Service.
(6) Other activities.--The Secretary shall carry out other
carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration
activities, as determined by the Secretary.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
(1) $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026;
(2) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; and
(3) $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.
SEC. 207. FOREST SERVICE.
(a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary, acting through the Chief of
the Forest Service, shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration activities in at each of the areas described in
this subsection.
(2) Enhanced forest stock monitoring.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
activities relating to improving--
(i) capacity of the Forest Inventory and
Analysis program to monitor forest carbon,
including through remote sensing to increase
frequency and geospatial resolution; and
(ii) forest carbon measurement and
monitoring technologies, including satellite
and remote sensing technologies.
(B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration.
(3) Integrated assessment model and grasslands and forest
impacts modeling.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
activities relating to technical, economic, and social
modeling of impacts on land use from avoided conversion
of grasslands and forests, reforestation, conservation,
afforestation, and forest management changes.
(B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
(4) Forest carbon management demonstration.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
activities, at not fewer than 5 geographically diverse
sites, relating to conducting large-scale field
experiments of best practices for forest management and
restoration that optimize carbon dioxide removal while
maintaining and enhancing ecosystems.
(B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Assistant Administrator for Research and
Development of the Environmental Protection Agency.
(5) Climate resilience.--The Secretary shall carry out
research and field experiments on enhancements to forest
management practices for carbon dioxide removal to reflect
emerging needs due to the impact of climate change on forests
over time.
(6) Preservation of harvested wood.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
activities relating to the design and demonstration of
landfills for woody biomass disposal and carbon
storage.
(B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Assistant Administrator for Research and
Development of the Environmental Protection Agency.
(7) Social science research and extension.--The Secretary
shall carry out social science research and extension programs
to promote uptake of forest management carbon sequestration
technologies and practices.
(8) Climate hubs.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out
activities to increase the capacity of Department
climate hubs and other research units to deliver
climate and carbon dioxide removal-related science and
tools to forest planners and managers.
(B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out
the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration
with the Administrator of the Agricultural Research
Service.
(9) Other activities.--The Secretary shall carry out other
carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration
activities, as determined by the Secretary.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
(1) $24,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026;
(2) $16,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; and
(3) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.
TITLE III--DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SEC. 301. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.
(a) Definition of Under Secretary.--In this section, the term
``Under Secretary'' means the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans
and Atmosphere.
(b) Strategic Mission Objective.--The Secretary of Commerce shall
incorporate carbon dioxide removal scientific objectives into the
mission responsibilities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration for oceans and coastal area programs.
(c) Research Objectives and Considerations.--
(1) Objectives.--In carrying out research, development, and
demonstration under this section, the Under Secretary shall
seek to develop a better understanding of the efficacy and
impacts of carbon dioxide removal approaches in coastal areas
and the ocean to help determine which could be feasible for
larger scale deployment.
(2) Considerations.--In carrying out research, development,
and demonstration under this section, the Under Secretary shall
conform to national and international governance frameworks and
employ stringent monitoring to understand and minimize negative
ecosystem and social impacts and maximize co-benefits for
communities and marine ecosystems.
(d) Lead Office.--
(1) Climate program office.--The Climate Program Office of
the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (referred to in
this subsection as the ``Office'') shall serve as the focal
point for coordination and information dissemination on carbon
dioxide removal activities across the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, with an emphasis on technological
approaches.
(2) Responsibilities.--The Office shall--
(A) coordinate all National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration carbon dioxide removal research,
development, and demonstration on technologically
enhanced coastal and ocean carbon capture, conversion,
and storage;
(B) support the development and application of
technologically enhanced methods of coastal and ocean
carbon dioxide removal consistent with the research
objectives and considerations described in subsection
(c); and
(C) ensure effective utilization of the ocean
research assets of the Administration, the National
Science Foundation, and the Coast Guard in implementing
carbon dioxide removal research projects.
(3) Integration.--The Director of the Office shall--
(A) coordinate existing ocean acidification
monitoring and data collection programs in existence as
of the date of enactment of this Act with the carbon
dioxide removal research portfolio of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and
(B) modify existing ocean acidification program
plans to incorporate carbon dioxide removal research
objectives.
(e) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
(1) In general.--The Under Secretary shall carry out
research, development, and demonstration activities in each of
the areas described in this subsection.
(2) Coastal marine carbon fundamental research.--
(A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall carry
out fundamental research of coastal ecosystem carbon
dioxide sequestration.
(B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry
out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Director of the National Science
Foundation.
(3) Coastal resource assessment.--
(A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall carry
out mapping and evaluation of coastal marine ecosystems
for carbon dioxide removal potential.
(B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry
out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Administrator of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration.
(4) Coastal marine carbon regional field trials.--
(A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall carry
out monitored field trials of coastal wetlands
restoration optimized for carbon dioxide removal.
(B) Coordination.--The Under Secretary shall carry
out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
coordination with the grant program under section 906
of the National Oceans and Coastal Security Act (16
U.S.C. 7505) and the Ecosystem Management and
Restoration Research Program of the Corps of Engineers.
(5) National coastal wetland data center.--The Under
Secretary shall integrate data on coastal ecosystem carbon
dioxide removal research into the Digital Coast program
established under section 4(a) of the Digital Coast Act (16
U.S.C. 1467(a)).
(6) Ocean modeling.--The Under Secretary shall conduct
research and modeling on the effect of ocean circulation on
carbon dioxide uptake from the atmosphere in response to
intentional carbon dioxide removal from the ocean.
(7) Aquatic biomass cultivation.--
(A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall research
management best practices and phenotype selection for
and use of aquatic macroalgae biomass production
optimized for carbon dioxide removal, including
limited-scale experiments at sea, designed and
monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the
experiment.
(B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry
out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of
Energy.
(C) Risk considerations.--The Under Secretary shall
take all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk
of economic, environmental, and social harm caused by
invasive species.
(8) Applied alkalinity modification techniques.--
(A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall conduct
limited-scale experiments on alkalinity enhancement
techniques at sea, designed and monitored to avoid
impacts beyond the zone of the experiment.
(B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry
out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Director of the National Science
Foundation.
(9) Seawater carbon extraction.--The Under Secretary shall
conduct research and modeling on electrochemical seawater
extraction, including process design and locations for
minimizing resource requirements, downstream chemical and
biological impacts, and storage or utilization methods.
(10) Ocean fertilization fundamental research.--
(A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall conduct
fundamental research and modeling on the impacts and
effectiveness of ocean iron fertilization and nitrogen
and phosphorous fertilization research.
(B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry
out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Director of the National Science
Foundation and the Director of the Office of Science of
the Department of Energy.
(11) Artificial ocean macronutrient fertilization.--
(A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall conduct
limited-scale experiments on ocean macronutrient
fertilization, designed and monitored to avoid impacts
beyond the zone of the experiment and within
internationally recognized frameworks.
(B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry
out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Director of the National Science
Foundation.
(12) Upwelling and downwelling.--The Under Secretary shall
conduct research on the impact and effectiveness of upwelling
and downwelling as a carbon dioxide removal approach.
(13) Carbon dioxide impacts and fate in oceans.--
(A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall conduct
monitoring, research, modeling, and small-scale field
trials on ecological and social impacts of coastal and
deep ocean carbon dioxide removal techniques.
(B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry
out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Director of the Office of
Science of the Department of Energy.
(14) Enhanced monitoring.--The Under Secretary shall
conduct enhanced ocean, coastal, and atmospheric monitoring,
quantification, and verification of carbon dioxide removal.
(15) Other activities.--The Under Secretary shall conduct
other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and
demonstration activities, as determined by the Under Secretary.
(f) Input.--In carrying out the activities under subsection (e),
the Under Secretary shall receive input from the Director of the
Office.
(g) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and
Atmosphere to carry out subsection (d)--
(1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(2) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
(3) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
(4) $124,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;
(5) $148,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;
(6) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;
(7) $138,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;
(8) $126,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;
(9) $117,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and
(10) $105,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.
(h) International Coordination.--In carrying out this section, the
Under Secretary, acting through the Director of the Office, shall--
(1) coordinate with the Secretary of State and appropriate
international entities;
(2) ensure compliance with all current international
agreements, including voluntary compliance agreements where the
United States is not an official signatory; and
(3) to the extent practicable, seek joint sponsorship for
experiments.
SEC. 302. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY.
(a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary of Commerce, acting through
the Director of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (referred to in this section as the ``Director''),
shall carry out research, development, and demonstration
activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.
(2) Materials testing and standards.--The Director shall
develop standard reference materials and standard testing
procedures for technologies and processes related to carbon
dioxide removal.
(3) Construction materials.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall develop, test,
and establish standards for carbonate or carbon-
sequestering materials for construction markets.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of
Energy.
(4) Other activities.--The Director shall conduct other
carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration
activities, as determined by the Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology to carry out this section--
(1) $4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026;
(2) $7,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 through 2029;
(3) $2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2030 through 2032;
and
(4) $1,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.
TITLE IV--DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
SEC. 401. CORPS OF ENGINEERS.
(a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary of Defense, acting through
the Chief of Engineers, shall carry out research, development,
and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in
this subsection.
(2) Coastal marine carbon regional field trials.--
(A) In general.--The Secretary of Defense, acting
through the Chief of Engineers, shall carry out
monitored field trials of coastal wetlands restoration
optimized for carbon dioxide removal.
(B) Coordination.--The Secretary of Defense, acting
through the Chief of Engineers, shall carry out the
activities described in subparagraph (A) in
coordination with the grant program under section 906
of the National Oceans and Coastal Security Act (16
U.S.C. 7505) and the Coastal Resilience Grants Program
of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(3) Other activities.--The Secretary of Defense, acting
through the Chief of Engineers, shall conduct other carbon
dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration
activities, as determined by the Secretary of Defense.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary of Defense to carry out this section--
(1) $24,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(2) $45,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2027;
(3) $53,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 through 2030;
and
(4) $25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 through 2033.
TITLE V--DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
SEC. 501. UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
(a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary of the Interior, acting
through the Director of the United States Geological Survey
(referred to in this section as the ``Director''), shall carry
out research, development, and demonstration activities in each
of the areas described in this subsection.
(2) Resource assessments.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall--
(i) carry out mapping and technical and
economic assessments of geological resources,
mine tailings, and other alkaline industrial
wastes for mineralization; and
(ii) establish of a public database of
results of the mapping and assessments carried
out under clause (i).
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil
Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of
Energy.
(3) Tailings and waste mineralization.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out field
experiments on carbon-sequestering waste materials,
including mine tailings and industrial wastes.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with--
(i) the Assistant Secretary for of Fossil
Energy and Carbon Management of the Department
of Energy;
(ii) the Assistant Administrator for of
Research and Development of the Environmental
Protection Agency; and
(iii) the director of the Bureau of Land
Management.
(4) Environmental impacts of mineralization materials.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out
research on the environmental impacts of broadcasting
materials, including disturbing piles of mine tailings.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with--
(i) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil
Energy and Carbon Management of the Department
of Energy; and
(ii) the Assistant Administrator for
Research and Development of the Environmental
Protection Agency.
(5) Environmental and social impacts of expanded mining for
mineralization.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out
research on the environmental and social impacts of
expanded mining activities for the purpose of
mineralization, including the net carbon impact of
those activities.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with--
(i) the Director of the National Science
Foundation;
(ii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil
Energy and Carbon Management of the Department
of Energy; and
(iii) the Assistant Administrator for
Research and Development of the Environmental
Protection Agency.
(6) New mineralization pathways.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out
development of new, low-emissions sources of alkalinity
for carbon mineralization and new mineralization
processes, such as looping and direct air capture
hybrids.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of
Energy.
(7) Regional partnerships.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall establish not
more than 6 regional partnerships, the membership of
which may be made up of 1 or more--
(i) institutions of higher education;
(ii) State entities;
(iii) Federal entities;
(iv) Indian Tribes (as defined in section 4
of the Indian Self-Determination and Education
Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 5304));
(v) Native Hawaiian organizations (as
defined in section 6207 of the Elementary and
Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C.
7517));
(vi) nongovernmental organizations; and
(vii) other relevant entities.
(B) Purpose.--The purpose of a regional partnership
established under subparagraph (A) shall be--
(i) to characterize regional resources for
mineralization; and
(ii) to carry out field experiments and
small-scale demonstration projects for
mineralization.
(C) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in this paragraph in
collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil
Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of
Energy.
(8) Other activities.--The Director shall carry out other
carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration
activities, as determined by the Secretary of the Interior.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary of Interior to carry out this section--
(1) $13,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(2) $19,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
(3) $22,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2030;
(4) $21,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 and 2032; and
(5) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.
SEC. 502. LAND AND MINERALS MANAGEMENT.
(a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary of the Interior, acting
through the Assistant Secretary of Land and Minerals Management
(referred to in this section as the ``Assistant Secretary''),
shall carry out research, development, and demonstration
activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.
(2) Carbon dioxide removal on federal lands.--
(A) In general.--The Assistant Secretary shall
carry out an assessment of the ability to use Federal
land and abandoned mine land, subject to the Office of
Surface Mining, and associated subsurface regions, for
carbon dioxide removal benefits and practices,
including--
(i) ecologically appropriate revegetation;
(ii) reforestation;
(iii) restoration to natural landscapes,
including grasslands; and
(iv) underground geologic storage of carbon
dioxide.
(B) Requirements.--The assessment under
subparagraph (A) shall--
(i) include data on carbon storage
potential and climate resilience, including--
(I) safety for local communities;
(II) avoiding negative
environmental impacts; and
(III) identifying regions with
lower risks of reversing carbon dioxide
removal practices over time; and
(ii) identify economic development
opportunities for local communities.
(3) Other activities.--The Assistant Secretary shall carry
out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and
demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of the
Interior.
(4) Consultation.--The Assistant Secretary shall carry out
the activities described in this section in consultation with--
(A) the Secretary of Agriculture;
(B) the Secretary of Energy; and
(C) the Chief of the Forest Service.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary of the Interior to carry out this section
$2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033.
TITLE VI--DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
SEC. 601. FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION.
(a) Definitions.--In this section:
(1) Carbon-sequestering new material.--The term ``carbon-
sequestering new material'' means a novel formulation of
cement, concrete, or aggregate that allows captured carbon
dioxide to be sequestered, including--
(A) carbon dioxide-adsorbing materials;
(B) carbon dioxide-absorbing materials;
(C) carbon dioxide-cured cement and concrete;
(D) new aggregate materials made from mineral
carbonization;
(E) cement formulations that substitute clinker
with other materials, subject to the condition that
such other materials comprise not less than 50 percent
of the cement formulation; and
(F) additional materials as designated by the
Secretary.
(2) Program.--The term ``program'' means the research,
development, and demonstration program established under
subsection (b).
(3) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary
of Transportation.
(b) Establishment.--The Secretary shall establish a program to
carry out research, development, and demonstration activities for the
use of carbon-sequestering new materials to lower the carbon impact of
highway construction materials and public transportation construction
materials.
(c) Activities.--
(1) Development and deployment.--
(A) In general.--In carrying out the program, the
Secretary shall carry out research on mineral
carbonation for use in carbon-sequestering new
materials.
(B) Consideration.--The research under subparagraph
(A) shall be informed by the recommendations of the
National Academies of Science, Engineering, and
Medicine in chapter 11 of the consensus study report
entitled ``Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization:
Status and Research Needs'' and published in 2019.
(2) Research.--
(A) In general.--In carrying out the program, the
Secretary, in coordination with standard-setting
organizations, such as the American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials, shall carry
out research--
(i) on the durability, strength, and
stability of carbon-sequestering new materials;
and
(ii) to support the development of the
necessary standards required for the use of
carbon-sequestering new materials.
(B) Standards.--Based on the results of the
research under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall
coordinate and consult with other necessary
governmental and nongovernmental entities, including
the entities described in subparagraph (A), to support
the development of standards for the use of carbon-
sequestering new materials.
(3) Grants for state standards.--In carrying out the
program, the Secretary shall provide grants to a geographically
diverse set of States to assist those States in adopting State
standards for the procurement of carbon-sequestering new
materials in highway and public transportation construction.
(4) Lifecycle assessments.--In carrying out the program,
the Secretary shall carry out lifecycle assessments of the
greenhouse gas emissions associated with carbon-sequestering
new materials.
(5) Coordination.--The Secretary shall coordinate with--
(A) the Secretary of Energy in carrying out
paragraph (1);
(B) the Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency in carrying out paragraph (4); and
(C) other Federal agencies as necessary to carry
out the activities described in this subsection.
(d) Grant Program.--
(1) In general.--Not later than 2 years after the date of
enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall establish a program
to provide grants to eligible entities to assist those entities
in procuring carbon-sequestering new materials for eligible
uses described in paragraph (4).
(2) Eligible entities.--An entity eligible to receive a
grant under this subsection is--
(A) a State;
(B) a federally recognized Indian Tribe; or
(C) a unit of local government.
(3) Applications.--To be eligible to receive a grant under
this subsection, an eligible entity shall submit to the
Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and
containing such information as the Secretary determines to be
appropriate.
(4) Use of funds.--An eligible entity may use a grant under
this subsection to procure and use carbon-sequestering new
materials for--
(A) a highway or bridge project eligible for
assistance under title 23, United States Code;
(B) a public transportation project eligible for
assistance under chapter 53 of title 49, United States
Code; and
(C) any other transportation infrastructure project
as the Secretary determines to be appropriate.
(5) Requirements.--
(A) Highway or bridge projects.--A project
described in paragraph (4)(A) shall be subject to the
requirements under title 23, United States Code, that
would apply if the project was carried out under that
title.
(B) Public transportation projects.--A project
described in paragraph (4)(B) shall be subject to the
requirements under chapter 53 of title 49, United
States Code, that would apply if the project was
carried out under that chapter.
(e) Funding.--
(1) Authorization of appropriations.--There are authorized
to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
(A) $32,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(B) $57,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
(C) $62,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
(D) $67,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; and
(E) $72,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028
through 2033.
(2) Allocation.--
(A) Research and development.--Of the amounts made
available under paragraph (1) for each fiscal year--
(i) $10,000,000 shall be for research under
subsection (c)(1);
(ii) $10,000,000 shall be for research
under subsection (c)(2);
(iii) $10,000,000 shall be for grants for
States under subsection (c)(3); and
(iv) $2,000,000 shall be for lifecycle
assessments under subsection (c)(4).
(B) Grant program.--Of the amounts made available
under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall use to carry
out the grant program under subsection (d)--
(i) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
(ii) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
(iii) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; and
(iv) $40,000,000 for each of fiscal years
2028 through 2033.
(3) Treatment.--Amounts made available under paragraph (1)
shall be available for obligation in the same manner as if
those amounts were apportioned under chapter 1 of title 23,
United States Code.
TITLE VII--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SEC. 701. OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
(a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
(1) In general.--The Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency, acting through the Assistant Administrator
of Research and Development (referred to in this section as the
``Assistant Administrator''), shall carry out research,
development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas
described in this subsection.
(2) Direct air capture environmental impacts.--The
Assistant Administrator shall carry out a lifecycle assessment
of the environmental impacts of direct air capture, including--
(A) greenhouse gas emissions;
(B) air and water pollutants;
(C) water use; and
(D) land use.
(3) Preservation of harvested wood.--
(A) In general.--The Assistant Administrator shall
design and conduct a demonstration of landfills for
woody biomass disposal and carbon storage;
(B) Collaboration.--The Assistant Administrator
shall carry out the activities described in
subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Chief of the
Forest Service.
(4) Environmental and social impacts of mineralization.--
(A) In general.--The Assistant Administrator shall
conduct research on the environmental impacts of
mineralization, including broadcasting materials,
disturbing piles of mine tailings, and expanded mining
activities.
(B) Collaboration.--The Assistant Administrator
shall carry out the activities described in
subparagraph (A) in collaboration with--
(i) the Director of the National Science
Foundation;
(ii) the Director of the United States
Geological Survey; and
(iii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil
Energy and Carbon Management of the Department
of Energy.
(5) Research on decision science.--
(A) In general.--The Assistant Administrator shall
conduct research on decision science, social impacts,
and public engagement on carbon dioxide removal
technologies and methods.
(B) Collaboration.--The Assistant Administrator
shall carry out the activities described in
subparagraph (A) in collaboration with--
(i) the Director of the National Science
Foundation; and
(ii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil
Energy and Carbon Management of the Department
of Energy.
(6) Environmental and social impacts of biomass use in
carbon dioxide removal technologies.--
(A) In general.--The Assistant Administrator shall
carry out a life cycle analysis of the impact of
biomass use in carbon dioxide removal technologies,
including--
(i) emissions sequestered in materials;
(ii) emissions impacts of biomass harvest,
processing, and transportation;
(iii) unintended disturbances to ecosystem
carbon stocks;
(iv) indirect land-use change; and
(v) alternative fates of biomass used.
(B) Consideration.--In carrying out the analysis
under subparagraph (A), the Assistant Administrator
shall consider the social impacts of air pollution
relating to biofuel and biomass combustion.
(C) Collaboration.--The Assistant Administrator
shall carry out the activities described in
subparagraphs (A) and (B) in collaboration with the
Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy of the Department of Energy.
(7) Lifecycle assessment and monitoring for
mineralization.--The Assistant Administrator shall carry out a
technoeconomic and lifecycle assessment of various
mineralization pathways and research on protocols for
monitoring and verification of carbon removed or sequestered
through mineralization.
(8) Other activities.--The Assistant Administrator shall
carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development,
and demonstration activities, as determined by the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection
Agency to carry out this section--
(1) $24,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(2) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
(3) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
(4) $32,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028;
(5) $34,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 and 2030;
(6) $31,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 and 2032; and
(7) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.
TITLE VIII--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
SEC. 801. EARTH SCIENCE DIVISION PROGRAM.
(a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
(1) In general.--The Administrator of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (referred to in this
section as the ``Administrator'') shall carry out research,
development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas
described in this subsection.
(2) Aboveground carbon monitoring.--The Administrator shall
carry out a long-term collection of continuous spaceborne LiDAR
data to measure and track carbon stocks and carbon cycling in
aboveground biomass, through extension of the Global Ecosystem
Dynamics Investigation mission, or through other missions with
similar or improved capacity.
(3) Resource assessment.--
(A) In general.--The Administrator shall carry out
mapping and evaluation of coastal marine ecosystems for
carbon dioxide removal potential, including--
(i) wetlands;
(ii) peatlands; and
(iii) seagrass beds.
(B) Collaboration.--The Administrator shall carry
out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Administrator of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(4) Other activities.--The Administrator shall carry out
other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and
demonstration activities, as determined by the Administrator.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this section--
(1) $53,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 and 2025; and
(2) $8,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2033.
TITLE IX--NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
SEC. 901. DIRECTORATE FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.
(a) Research.--
(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'')
shall award funding for research activities in each of the
areas described in this subsection.
(2) Genetic modeling and tools.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for research to improve carbon dioxide uptake and
conversion through genetic manipulation of biological
materials for carbon dioxide removal and utilization
and research on the potential ecological impacts of
those improvements.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with--
(i) the Director of the Office of Science
of the Department of Energy;
(ii) the Secretary of Agriculture; and
(iii) the Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency.
(3) Other research.--The Director shall award funding for
other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the
Director of the National Science Foundation.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Director to carry out this section--
(1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(2) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and
(3) $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2033.
SEC. 902. DIRECTORATE FOR ENGINEERING.
(a) Research.--
(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'')
shall award funding for research activities in each of the
following areas described in this subsection.
(2) Integrated process design.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for research and development on the integration of
carbonation with carbon dioxide capture processes.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil
Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of
Energy.
(3) Other research.--The Director shall award funding for
other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the
Director.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Director to carry out this section--
(1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and
(2) $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2033.
SEC. 903. DIRECTORATE FOR GEOSCIENCES.
(a) Research.--
(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'')
shall award funding for research activities in each of the
following areas described in this subsection.
(2) Soil carbon.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for fundamental research on plant-root-fungi
interactions, deep inversion of soils, and other topics
with the potential to advance carbon dioxide removal.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with--
(i) the Director of the Office of Science
of the Department of Energy; and
(ii) the Administrator of the Agricultural
Research Service.
(3) Modeling and predictive tool development.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for research to improve existing carbon sequestration
modeling tools and the development of simulation-based
tools to predict and quantify soil carbon
sequestration.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with--
(i) the Administrator of the Agricultural
Research Service; and
(ii) the heads of other offices in the
Department of Agriculture, as determined by the
Secretary of Agriculture.
(4) Carbon mineralization.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for fundamental research on mineralization kinetics,
geomechanics, rock physics, and utilization-oriented
carbonation with the potential to advance carbon
dioxide removal.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Director of the Office of
Science of the Department of Energy.
(5) Pilot studies of in situ mineralization.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for field drilling and injection in reactive formations
(including peridotite and basalt) to advance
understanding of carbon mineralization.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil
Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of
Energy.
(6) Environmental and social impacts of expanded mining for
mineralization.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for research on the environmental and social impacts of
expanded mining activities for the purpose of
mineralization, including net carbon impact.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with--
(i) the Director of the United States
Geological Survey;
(ii) the Assistant Administrator for
Research and Development of the Environmental
Protection Agency; and
(iii) the Assistant Secretary for Office of
Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the
Department of Energy.
(7) Coastal marine carbon fundamental research.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for fundamental research on coastal ecosystem carbon
dioxide sequestration.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Administrator of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(8) Ocean alkalinity.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for fundamental and applied research on techniques for
and impacts of artificial modification of ocean
alkalinity, including limited-scale experiments on
alkalinity enhancement techniques at sea, designed and
monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the
experiment and within internationally recognized
frameworks.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with--
(i) the Director of the Office of Science
of the Department of Energy; and
(ii) the Administrator of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(9) Ocean fertilization fundamental research.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for fundamental research and modeling on the impacts
and effectiveness of ocean iron fertilization and
nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization research.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with--
(i) the Director of the Office of Science
of the Department of Energy; and
(ii) the Administrator of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(10) Artificial ocean iron fertilization.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for limited-scale experiments to stimulate and measure
large phytoplankton blooms, designed and monitored to
avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and
within internationally recognized frameworks.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Administrator of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(11) Artificial ocean macronutrient fertilization.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for limited-scale experiments on ocean macronutrient
fertilization, designed and monitored to avoid impacts
beyond the zone of the experiment and within
internationally recognized frameworks.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Administrator of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(12) Other research.--The Director shall award funding for
other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the
Director.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Director to carry out this section--
(1) $21,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(2) $34,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
(3) $61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
(4) $73,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028;
(5) $68,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 and 2030;
(6) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; and
(7) $60,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2032 and 2033.
SEC. 904. DIRECTORATE FOR MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES.
(a) Research.--
(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'')
shall award funding for research activities in each of the
following areas described in this subsection.
(2) NSF engineering research center.--The Director shall
establish a new National Science Foundation Engineering
Research Center focused on materials research and early-stage
application of sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related
direct air capture components.
(3) Direct air capture materials research.--The Director
shall award funding for materials research on sorbents,
solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components.
(4) Carbonation.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for research to control carbonation reactions,
accelerate carbonation, and understand structure-
property relationships.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Director of the Office of
Science of the Department of Energy.
(5) Catalysts.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for research on impurity-tolerant catalyst development,
coupled reduction and oxidation reactions, and reduced
additives.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Director of the Office of
Science of the Department of Energy.
(6) New materials development and applications.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for development of new materials for capturing and
utilizing carbon dioxide, including materials with
carbon-carbon bonds.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Director of the Office of
Science of the Department of Energy.
(7) Other research.--The Director shall award funding for
other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the
Director.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Director to carry out this section--
(1) $11,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(2) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
(3) $32,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 and 2027;
(4) $38,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 and 2029;
(5) $33,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;
(6) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;
(7) $23,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and
(8) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.
SEC. 905. DIRECTORATE FOR SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES.
(a) Research.--
(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'')
shall award funding for research activities in each of the
following areas described in this subsection.
(2) Integrated assessment modeling and grasslands and
forest impacts modeling.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for technical, economic, and social modeling of impacts
on land use from avoided conversion of grasslands and
forests, reforestation, conservation, afforestation,
and forest management changes.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with the Secretary of Agriculture.
(3) Integrated assessment modeling and direct air capture
impacts modeling.--The Director shall award funding for
technical, economic, and social modeling of impacts on land and
energy use from direct air capture, including future
electricity grid mix scenarios.
(4) Ethical, legal, and social impacts of biotechnology.--
The Director shall award funding for research on the ethical,
legal, and social implications of biotechnology use in carbon
dioxide removal.
(5) Governance frameworks.--The Director shall award
funding for research into governance frameworks for safe and
sustainable experimentation with ocean-based carbon dioxide
removal.
(6) Other research.--The Director shall award funding for
other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the
Director.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There is authorized to be
appropriated to the Director to carry out this section $12,000,000 for
each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033.
SEC. 906. DIVISION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES.
(a) Research.--
(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'')
shall award funding for research activities in each of the
following areas described in this subsection.
(2) Research on decision science.--
(A) In general.--The Director shall award funding
for research on decision science, social impacts, and
public engagement relating to carbon dioxide removal
technologies and methods.
(B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out
the activities described in subparagraph (A) in
collaboration with--
(i) the Assistant Administrator for
Research and Development of the Environmental
Protection Agency; and
(ii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil
Energy and Carbon Management of the Department
of Energy.
(3) Other research.--The Director shall award funding for
other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the
Director.
(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Director to carry out this section--
(1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(2) $4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2028;
and
(3) $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.
TITLE X--OTHER MATTERS
SEC. 1001. PLAN FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION.
(a) In General.--The Director of the Office of Science and
Technology Policy shall establish a plan for international coordination
on research, development, and demonstration projects for carbon dioxide
removal.
(b) Coordination.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Director of
the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall coordinate with--
(1) the Secretary of State; and
(2) the Secretary of Energy.
<all>
Introduced in House
Introduced in House
Referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and in addition to the Committees on Agriculture, Natural Resources, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Energy and Commerce, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.
Referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and in addition to the Committees on Agriculture, Natural Resources, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Energy and Commerce, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.
Referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and in addition to the Committees on Agriculture, Natural Resources, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Energy and Commerce, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.
Referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and in addition to the Committees on Agriculture, Natural Resources, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Energy and Commerce, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.
Referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and in addition to the Committees on Agriculture, Natural Resources, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Energy and Commerce, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.
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Referred to the Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment.
Referred to the Subcommittee on Environment, Manufacturing, and Critical Materials.
Referred to the Subcommittee on Forestry.
Referred to the Subcommittee on Conservation, Research, and Biotechnology.